Here are our top ten sources, almost all of them available free
Livingston G et al (2020)The Lancet Commission on ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’
396: 413-436
Blazer DG, Yaffe K, Liverman CT, eds.
This Lancet Commission Review is the single most important source if you only have time to consult one
Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action
Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2015. - http://www.iom.edu/cognitiveaging. Accessed April 14, 2015.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Preventing cognitive decline and dementia: A way forward.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Eric Larson; Prevention of Late-Life Dementia: No Magic Bullet - Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:77-79.
Kristine Yaffe,
Modifiable Risk Factors and Prevention of Dementia; What Is the Latest Evidence? - JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):281-282.
Lafortune L. et al (2016)Changing risk behaviors and promoting cognitive health in older adults; An evidence-based resource for local authorities and commissioners
Prepared by the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge - Public Health England
Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward
Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences
Blazer D.G. et al (2017)Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for ActionInstitute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences
Leshner A. L. (et al (2017)Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward - Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy ofSciences
Global Council on Brain health (2015) Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities
WHO (2015) Ageing and Health - World Health Organisation
NICE (2015)
Dementia, disability and frailty in later life – mid-life approaches to delay or
prevent onset
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Scientific American (2019)
The New Science of Healthy Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease International (2014)
Dementia and Risk Reduction
Booth PR, Rockwood K, et al. (2019)
Combining modifiable risk factors and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open
Also consult the Harvard Medical School reports, written for the public but of high quality, for example Improving Memory, Understanding age-related memory loss
SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
We have given priority to a research method called the systematic review. in preparing a systematic review the researcher
Brainability Systematic Reviews by Chapter – January 2020
Chapter 1 Living Longer is an Age of Opportunity
Dan G. Blazer, Kristine Yaffe, and Catharyn T. Liverman (editors). Committee on the Public Health Dimensions of Cognitive Aging. Cognitive Aging:Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jul 21.
Canevelli M, Grande G, Lacorte E, Quarchioni E, Cesari M, Mariani C, Bruno G, Vanacore N. Spontaneous Reversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Oct 1;17(10):943-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.020. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
Caamano-Isorna F, Corral M, Montes-Martinez A, Takkouche B (2006) Education and dementia: A meta-analytic study.Neuroepidemiology26, 226-232.[19]
Chapter 2 Understanding the Potential for Protecting and Improving Brainabilty
Livingston G et al (2017) The Lancet Commission on ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’ Lancet390: 2673–734
Lafortune L. et al (2016) Changing risk behaviours and promoting cognitive health in older adults; An evidence-based resource for local authorities and commissioners Prepared by the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge Public Health England
Blazer D.G. et al (2017) Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action, Institute of Medicine ; National Academy of Sciences
Leshner A. L. (et al (2017) Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences.
Global Council on Brain health (2015) Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities. American Association of Retired Persons
WHO (2015) Ageing and Health.World Health Organisation
NICE (2015) Dementia, disability and frailty in later life – mid-life approaches to delay or prevent onset. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Scientific American (2019) The New Science of Healthy Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease International (2014) Dementia and Risk Reduction
Anstey KJ, Ee N, Eramudugolla R. A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses that Evaluate Risk Factors for Dementia to Evaluate the Quantity, Quality, and Global Representativeness of Evidence. July 2019 Journal of Alzheimer's disease 2019 JAD 70(s1):1-21.DOI: 10.3233/JAD-190181
Chapter 3 Keep your Brain Tissue Healthy
Reduce the impact of stress
Becker E1, Orellana Rios CL2, Lahmann C3, Rücker G4, Bauer J5, Boeker M6. Anxiety as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;213(5):654-660. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2018.173.
Francisca S Then, Tobias Luck, Melanie Luppa, Marleen Thinschmidt, Stefanie Deckert, Karen Nieuwenhuijsen, Andreas Seidler and Steffi G Riedel-Heller, Systematic review of the effect of the psychosocial working environment on cognition and dementia, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 10.1136/oemed-2013-101760, 71, 5, (358-365), (2013).
Sleep better
Global Council on Brain Health (2016). “The Brain-Sleep Connection: GCBH Recommendations on Sleep and Brain Health.” Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00014.001
Bubu OM,l Brannickn M, Mortimer J, Umasabor-Bubu O, et al. Sleep, Cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SLEEP 2017; 40:1: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw032
de Almondes KM, Costa MV, Malloy-Diniz LF, DinizBS (2016) Insomnia and risk of dementia in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 77,109-115
Kim HB, Myung SK, Lee SM, Park YC (2016) Longer duration of sleep and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Neuroepidemiology 47, 171-180
Adam P. Spira, Lenis P. Chen-Edinboro,Mark N. Wu, and Kristine Yaffe. Impact of Sleep on the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014 Nov; 27(6): 478–483.doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000106
Get more active and physically fit
Global Council on Brain Health (2016). “The Brain-Body Connection: GCBH Recommendations on Physical Activity and Brain Health.” Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org
Kay Deckers, Martin PJ van Boxtel, Olga JG Schiepers, Marjolein de Vugt, et all. Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study of the evidence from observational studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2015;30:234-246
Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F,Quind ́os-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Emanuele E, Garatachea N, Lucia A (2016) Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: A protective association .MayoClin Proc 91, 999-1020
Hamer M, Chida Y (2009) Physical activity and risk of neu-rodegenerative disease: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med39, 3-11.[29]
Beckett MW, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA (2015) A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. BMC Geriatr15,9
Xu W, Wang HF, Wan Y, Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L (2017) Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open7, e014706
Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL (2014)Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health14, 510
Be wary of overmedications
Dan G. Blazer, Kristine Yaffe, and Catharyn T. Liverman, Editors, Chapter 4B Risk and Protective Factors and Interventions: Health and Medical Factors. In Cognitive Aging:Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Washington DC, 2015
Leelakanok N, D'Cunha RR. Association between polypharmacy and dementia - A systematic review and meta analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2019 Aug;23(8):932-941. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1468411. Epub 2018 May 10.
Buckley, J.S., Salpeter, S.R. A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Dementia Medications: Systematic Review of the Evidence. Drugs Aging 32, 453–467 (2015) doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0266-9
Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N (2009) Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychi-atry17, 542-555
Szekely CA, Thorne JE, Zandi PP, Ek M, Messias E, Breitner JC, Goodman SN (2004) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology23, 159-169.[26]
Wang J, Tan L, Wang H-F, Tan C-C, Meng X-F, Wang C,Tang S-W, Yu J-T (2015) Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis44, 385-396
Air pollution
Peters R1,2, Ee N2, Peters J3, Booth A3, Mudway I4, Anstey KJ1,2. Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(s1):S145-S163. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180631.
Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Particulate Matter: Workshop Summary. National Academy of Sciences, 2019
Anti-aging Diets
Van de Rest O, Berendsen AAM, Haveman-Nies A, de Groot LCPGM. Dietary Patterns, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition 2015; 6:2: 154–168, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007617
Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knop-man DS, Petersen RC, Roberts RO (2014) Association of Mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 39, 271-282.
Gum Disease
Kramer AR, et al. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 04 Nov 2014, 36(2):627-633. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.038
Harding A, Robinson S, Crean S, Singhrao SK. Can Better Management of Periodontal Disease Delay the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(2):337-348. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170046.
Singhrao SK, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:137357. doi: 10.1155/2015/137357. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
Tzeng,N-S, et al. Are Chronic Periodontitis and Gingivitis Associated with Dementia? A Nationwide, Retrospective, Matched-Cohort Study in Taiwan. Neuroepidemiology 2016, 47 (2): 82-93
Pesticides
Yan D, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yan H (2016) Pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 6, 32222
Chapter 4 Increase the blood supply to the brain
Stop smoking
Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo JJ, Zhao Y. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0118333
Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A, O’Kearney R (2007) Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol166,367-378
Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, BulpittC (2008) Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr8, 36.
Keep your blood pressure low
Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sønnesyn H, Alzheimer's Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group. Ballard C. Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:661–669.
Xu G, Bai F, Lin X, Wang Q, Wu Q, Sun S, Jiang C, LiangQ, Gao B (2017) Association between antihypertensive drug use and the incidence of cognitive decline and dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Biomed Res Int 2017, 4368474
Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, ViswanathanA, Blacker D (2011) The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology22, 646-659.[69]
Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sonnesyn H, Alzheimer’s Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review G, Ballard C (2011) Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: Systematic review.Int J Geriatr Psychiatry26,661-669
Hughes TM, Sink KM. Hypertension and Its Role in Cognitive Function: Current Evidence and Challenges for the Future Am J Hypertens. 2016 Feb; 29(2): 149–157. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpv180
Keep your weight down
Anstey KJ1, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 2011 May;12(5):e426-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00825.x. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
Pedditizi E, Peters R, Beckett N (2016) The risk of over-weight/obesity in mid-life and late life for the development of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Age Ageing45, 14-21.[44
]Loef M, Walach H (2013) Midlife obesity and dementia: Meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China. Obesity (Silver Spring)21,E51-55.[45]
Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y (2008) Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev9, 204-218
Danat IM, Clifford A, Partridge M, Zhou W, et al. Impacts of Overweight and Obesity in Older Age on the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Literature Review and a Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019; 70(Suppl 1): S87–S99. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180763
Find out if your have atrial fibrillation and get it treated
Kalantarian S, Stern TA, Mansour M, Ruskin JN (2013) Cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med158, 338-346
De Silva RMFL, Miranda CM, Liu T, Tse, G, et al. Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Dementia: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Effect of Anticoagulation Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 18. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00018
If you have had a Transient Ischeamic Attack – TIA – take action
Georgakis MK, Duering M, Wardlaw JM, Dichgans M. WMH and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2019 Mar 19;92(12):e1298-e1308. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007142. Epub 2019 Feb 15.
Meng XF, Yu JT, Wang HF, Tan MS, Wang C, Tan CC,Tan L (2014) Midlife vascular risk factors and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Alzheimers Dis42, 1295-1310.
Zhou J, Yu J-T, Wang H-F, Meng X-F, Tan C-C, Wang J, Wang C, Tan L (2015) Association between stroke and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis43, 479-489
Rebalance your diet
Global Council on Brain Health (2018). “Brain-Food GCBH Recommendations on Nourishing Your Brain Health.” Available at: www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00019.001
Wu S, Ding Y, Wu F, Li R, Hou J, Mao P (2015) Omega-3 fatty acids Intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev48, 1-9.[31]
Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiao J (2016) Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: A dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr103,330-340
Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Lu H, Tan MS,Yu JT (2016) Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol 53, 6144-6154
Keep your sugar low
Zhang J, Chen C, Hua S, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, Cao F(2017) An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: Diabetes and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract124, 41-47.
Gudala K, Bansal D, Schifano F, Bhansali A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4:640–650.
Vagelatos NT, Eslick GD (2013) Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: The confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship. Epidemiol Rev 35, 152-160
Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, et al (2016) Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: A pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care39, 300-307.[48]
Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H (2012) Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern Med J42,484-4
Keep your cholesterol low
Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low LF. Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(5):343–54.
Anstey KJ, Ashby-Mitchell K, Peters R (2017) Updating the evidence on the association between serum cholesterol and risk of late-life dementia: Review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis56, 215-228.
Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ, Mar-tin SS (2013) Statins and cognition: A systematic reviewand meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc88, 1213-1221.[35]
Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Arnold SE, Heidenreich PA, Rader DJ, deGoma EM (2013) Statins and cognitive function: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med159, 688-697
Power MC, Weuve J, Sharrett AR, Blacker D, Gottesman RF. Statins, cognition, and dementia—systematic review and methodological commentary Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Apr; 11(4): 220–229. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.35
Wong WB, Lin VW, Boudreau D, Devine EB (2013) Statins in the prevention of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies and an assessment of confounding. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 22, 345-358
Van Dam F, Van Gool WA (2009) Hyperhomocysteinemiaand Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review.Arch Geron-tol Geriatr48, 425-430
Chapter 5. Increase the ability of your mind to interact with people and ideas
Increase intellectual activity
Global Council on Brain Health (2017). “Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities.” Available at: www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00001.001
Edwards JD, Xu H, Clark D, Guey LT, Ross LA, et al. Speed of processing training results in lower risk of dementia. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017 Nov; 3(4): 603–611 Nov 7. doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.09.002
Jenna Najar, Svante Östling, Pia Gudmundsson, Valter Sundh, Lena Johansson, Silke Kern, Xinxin Guo, Tore Hällström, Ingmar Skoog. Cognitive and physical activity and dementia A 44-year longitudinal population study of women Neurology March 19, 2019; 92 (12) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007021
Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, Tan MS, Tan L, Li JQ, Zhao QF, YuJT (2016) Education and risk of dementia: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol 53,113-3123
Get even more active and involved to avoid isolation and depression
Global Council on Brain Health. The Brain and Social Connectedness: GCBH Recommendations on Social Engagement and Brain Health 2017. Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00015.001
da Silva J1, Gonçalves-Pereira M, Xavier M, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;202(3):177-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931.
Cherbuin N, Kim S, Anstey KJ (2015) Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open5, e008853.
Diniz BS, Butters MA, Albert SM, Dew MA, Reynolds CF, 3rd (2013) Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. Br J Psy-chiatry202, 329-335
Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Oude Voshaar RC, Zuidema SU,van den Heuvel ER, Stolk RP, Smidt N (2015) Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev 22, 39-57.
Penninkilampi R, Casey A-N, Singh MF, Brodaty H. The Association between Social Engagement, Loneliness, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 10.3233/JAD-180439, (1-15), (2018).
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review, PLOS Medicine. July 27, 2010 http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB. Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015; 10: 227-237 https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3024&context=facpub
Cadar D. et al (2018) Individual and Area-Based Socioeconomic Factors
Associated with Dementia Incidence in England: Evidence From a 12-Year Follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.JAMA Psychiatry 75;723-732
Sommerlad et al (2019) Association of social contact with dementia and cognition: 28-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study.PLOS Medicine August 2, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002862
Check you hearing and vision
Dawes P, Wolski L, Himmelsbach I, Regan J, Leroi I. Interventions for hearing and vision impairment to improve outcomes for people with dementia: a scoping review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019 Feb;31(2):203-221. doi: 10.1017/S1041610218000728. Epub 2018 Sep 24.
Heine C, Browning C. Dual Sensory Loss in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. The Gerontologist, Volume 55, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 913–928, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv074
Ford AH, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L, Almeida OP (2018) Hearing loss and the risk of dementia in later life. Maturitas112, 1-11
Zheng, D., et al. Longitudinal Associations Between Visual Impairment and Cognitive Functioning: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study, JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018 Sep 1;136(9):989-995. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493
Stephanie P. Chen, Jay Bhattacharya, Suzann Pershing. Association of Vision Loss with Cognition in Older Adults. JAMA Ophthalmology, 2017; DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838
Chapter 6 The Future of Brainability
Livingston G et al (2020)The Lancet Commission on ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’
396: 413-436
Blazer DG, Yaffe K, Liverman CT, eds.
This Lancet Commission Review is the single most important source if you only have time to consult one
Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action
Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2015. - http://www.iom.edu/cognitiveaging. Accessed April 14, 2015.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Preventing cognitive decline and dementia: A way forward.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Eric Larson; Prevention of Late-Life Dementia: No Magic Bullet - Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:77-79.
Kristine Yaffe,
Modifiable Risk Factors and Prevention of Dementia; What Is the Latest Evidence? - JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):281-282.
Lafortune L. et al (2016)Changing risk behaviors and promoting cognitive health in older adults; An evidence-based resource for local authorities and commissioners
Prepared by the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge - Public Health England
Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward
Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences
Blazer D.G. et al (2017)Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for ActionInstitute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences
Leshner A. L. (et al (2017)Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward - Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy ofSciences
Global Council on Brain health (2015) Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities
WHO (2015) Ageing and Health - World Health Organisation
NICE (2015)
Dementia, disability and frailty in later life – mid-life approaches to delay or
prevent onset
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Scientific American (2019)
The New Science of Healthy Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease International (2014)
Dementia and Risk Reduction
Booth PR, Rockwood K, et al. (2019)
Combining modifiable risk factors and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open
Also consult the Harvard Medical School reports, written for the public but of high quality, for example Improving Memory, Understanding age-related memory loss
SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
We have given priority to a research method called the systematic review. in preparing a systematic review the researcher
- asks a clear question eg what is the effect of lifting weights on the strength of older people?
- finds all the randomised controlled trials designed to answer this questions
- reviews all the trials and classifies them as with of good enough quality to use or of inadequate quality
- combines the results of all the good quality trials
- publishes the results including references to the trials deemed inadequate
Brainability Systematic Reviews by Chapter – January 2020
Chapter 1 Living Longer is an Age of Opportunity
Dan G. Blazer, Kristine Yaffe, and Catharyn T. Liverman (editors). Committee on the Public Health Dimensions of Cognitive Aging. Cognitive Aging:Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jul 21.
Canevelli M, Grande G, Lacorte E, Quarchioni E, Cesari M, Mariani C, Bruno G, Vanacore N. Spontaneous Reversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Oct 1;17(10):943-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.020. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
Caamano-Isorna F, Corral M, Montes-Martinez A, Takkouche B (2006) Education and dementia: A meta-analytic study.Neuroepidemiology26, 226-232.[19]
Chapter 2 Understanding the Potential for Protecting and Improving Brainabilty
Livingston G et al (2017) The Lancet Commission on ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’ Lancet390: 2673–734
Lafortune L. et al (2016) Changing risk behaviours and promoting cognitive health in older adults; An evidence-based resource for local authorities and commissioners Prepared by the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge Public Health England
Blazer D.G. et al (2017) Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action, Institute of Medicine ; National Academy of Sciences
Leshner A. L. (et al (2017) Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia; a way forward Committee on Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences.
Global Council on Brain health (2015) Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities. American Association of Retired Persons
WHO (2015) Ageing and Health.World Health Organisation
NICE (2015) Dementia, disability and frailty in later life – mid-life approaches to delay or prevent onset. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Scientific American (2019) The New Science of Healthy Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease International (2014) Dementia and Risk Reduction
Anstey KJ, Ee N, Eramudugolla R. A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses that Evaluate Risk Factors for Dementia to Evaluate the Quantity, Quality, and Global Representativeness of Evidence. July 2019 Journal of Alzheimer's disease 2019 JAD 70(s1):1-21.DOI: 10.3233/JAD-190181
Chapter 3 Keep your Brain Tissue Healthy
Reduce the impact of stress
Becker E1, Orellana Rios CL2, Lahmann C3, Rücker G4, Bauer J5, Boeker M6. Anxiety as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;213(5):654-660. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2018.173.
Francisca S Then, Tobias Luck, Melanie Luppa, Marleen Thinschmidt, Stefanie Deckert, Karen Nieuwenhuijsen, Andreas Seidler and Steffi G Riedel-Heller, Systematic review of the effect of the psychosocial working environment on cognition and dementia, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 10.1136/oemed-2013-101760, 71, 5, (358-365), (2013).
Sleep better
Global Council on Brain Health (2016). “The Brain-Sleep Connection: GCBH Recommendations on Sleep and Brain Health.” Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00014.001
Bubu OM,l Brannickn M, Mortimer J, Umasabor-Bubu O, et al. Sleep, Cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SLEEP 2017; 40:1: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw032
de Almondes KM, Costa MV, Malloy-Diniz LF, DinizBS (2016) Insomnia and risk of dementia in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 77,109-115
Kim HB, Myung SK, Lee SM, Park YC (2016) Longer duration of sleep and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Neuroepidemiology 47, 171-180
Adam P. Spira, Lenis P. Chen-Edinboro,Mark N. Wu, and Kristine Yaffe. Impact of Sleep on the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014 Nov; 27(6): 478–483.doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000106
Get more active and physically fit
Global Council on Brain Health (2016). “The Brain-Body Connection: GCBH Recommendations on Physical Activity and Brain Health.” Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org
Kay Deckers, Martin PJ van Boxtel, Olga JG Schiepers, Marjolein de Vugt, et all. Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study of the evidence from observational studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2015;30:234-246
Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F,Quind ́os-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Emanuele E, Garatachea N, Lucia A (2016) Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: A protective association .MayoClin Proc 91, 999-1020
Hamer M, Chida Y (2009) Physical activity and risk of neu-rodegenerative disease: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med39, 3-11.[29]
Beckett MW, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA (2015) A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. BMC Geriatr15,9
Xu W, Wang HF, Wan Y, Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L (2017) Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open7, e014706
Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL (2014)Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health14, 510
Be wary of overmedications
Dan G. Blazer, Kristine Yaffe, and Catharyn T. Liverman, Editors, Chapter 4B Risk and Protective Factors and Interventions: Health and Medical Factors. In Cognitive Aging:Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Washington DC, 2015
Leelakanok N, D'Cunha RR. Association between polypharmacy and dementia - A systematic review and meta analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2019 Aug;23(8):932-941. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1468411. Epub 2018 May 10.
Buckley, J.S., Salpeter, S.R. A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Dementia Medications: Systematic Review of the Evidence. Drugs Aging 32, 453–467 (2015) doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0266-9
Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N (2009) Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychi-atry17, 542-555
Szekely CA, Thorne JE, Zandi PP, Ek M, Messias E, Breitner JC, Goodman SN (2004) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology23, 159-169.[26]
Wang J, Tan L, Wang H-F, Tan C-C, Meng X-F, Wang C,Tang S-W, Yu J-T (2015) Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis44, 385-396
Air pollution
Peters R1,2, Ee N2, Peters J3, Booth A3, Mudway I4, Anstey KJ1,2. Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(s1):S145-S163. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180631.
Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Particulate Matter: Workshop Summary. National Academy of Sciences, 2019
Anti-aging Diets
Van de Rest O, Berendsen AAM, Haveman-Nies A, de Groot LCPGM. Dietary Patterns, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition 2015; 6:2: 154–168, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007617
Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knop-man DS, Petersen RC, Roberts RO (2014) Association of Mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 39, 271-282.
Gum Disease
Kramer AR, et al. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 04 Nov 2014, 36(2):627-633. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.038
Harding A, Robinson S, Crean S, Singhrao SK. Can Better Management of Periodontal Disease Delay the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(2):337-348. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170046.
Singhrao SK, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:137357. doi: 10.1155/2015/137357. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
Tzeng,N-S, et al. Are Chronic Periodontitis and Gingivitis Associated with Dementia? A Nationwide, Retrospective, Matched-Cohort Study in Taiwan. Neuroepidemiology 2016, 47 (2): 82-93
Pesticides
Yan D, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yan H (2016) Pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 6, 32222
Chapter 4 Increase the blood supply to the brain
Stop smoking
Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo JJ, Zhao Y. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0118333
Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A, O’Kearney R (2007) Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol166,367-378
Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, BulpittC (2008) Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr8, 36.
Keep your blood pressure low
Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sønnesyn H, Alzheimer's Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group. Ballard C. Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:661–669.
Xu G, Bai F, Lin X, Wang Q, Wu Q, Sun S, Jiang C, LiangQ, Gao B (2017) Association between antihypertensive drug use and the incidence of cognitive decline and dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Biomed Res Int 2017, 4368474
Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, ViswanathanA, Blacker D (2011) The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology22, 646-659.[69]
Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sonnesyn H, Alzheimer’s Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review G, Ballard C (2011) Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: Systematic review.Int J Geriatr Psychiatry26,661-669
Hughes TM, Sink KM. Hypertension and Its Role in Cognitive Function: Current Evidence and Challenges for the Future Am J Hypertens. 2016 Feb; 29(2): 149–157. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpv180
Keep your weight down
Anstey KJ1, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 2011 May;12(5):e426-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00825.x. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
Pedditizi E, Peters R, Beckett N (2016) The risk of over-weight/obesity in mid-life and late life for the development of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Age Ageing45, 14-21.[44
]Loef M, Walach H (2013) Midlife obesity and dementia: Meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China. Obesity (Silver Spring)21,E51-55.[45]
Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y (2008) Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev9, 204-218
Danat IM, Clifford A, Partridge M, Zhou W, et al. Impacts of Overweight and Obesity in Older Age on the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Literature Review and a Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019; 70(Suppl 1): S87–S99. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180763
Find out if your have atrial fibrillation and get it treated
Kalantarian S, Stern TA, Mansour M, Ruskin JN (2013) Cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med158, 338-346
De Silva RMFL, Miranda CM, Liu T, Tse, G, et al. Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Dementia: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Effect of Anticoagulation Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 18. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00018
If you have had a Transient Ischeamic Attack – TIA – take action
Georgakis MK, Duering M, Wardlaw JM, Dichgans M. WMH and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2019 Mar 19;92(12):e1298-e1308. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007142. Epub 2019 Feb 15.
Meng XF, Yu JT, Wang HF, Tan MS, Wang C, Tan CC,Tan L (2014) Midlife vascular risk factors and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Alzheimers Dis42, 1295-1310.
Zhou J, Yu J-T, Wang H-F, Meng X-F, Tan C-C, Wang J, Wang C, Tan L (2015) Association between stroke and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis43, 479-489
Rebalance your diet
Global Council on Brain Health (2018). “Brain-Food GCBH Recommendations on Nourishing Your Brain Health.” Available at: www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00019.001
Wu S, Ding Y, Wu F, Li R, Hou J, Mao P (2015) Omega-3 fatty acids Intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev48, 1-9.[31]
Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiao J (2016) Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: A dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr103,330-340
Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Lu H, Tan MS,Yu JT (2016) Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol 53, 6144-6154
Keep your sugar low
Zhang J, Chen C, Hua S, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, Cao F(2017) An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: Diabetes and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract124, 41-47.
Gudala K, Bansal D, Schifano F, Bhansali A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4:640–650.
Vagelatos NT, Eslick GD (2013) Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: The confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship. Epidemiol Rev 35, 152-160
Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, et al (2016) Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: A pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care39, 300-307.[48]
Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H (2012) Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern Med J42,484-4
Keep your cholesterol low
Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low LF. Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(5):343–54.
Anstey KJ, Ashby-Mitchell K, Peters R (2017) Updating the evidence on the association between serum cholesterol and risk of late-life dementia: Review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis56, 215-228.
Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ, Mar-tin SS (2013) Statins and cognition: A systematic reviewand meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc88, 1213-1221.[35]
Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Arnold SE, Heidenreich PA, Rader DJ, deGoma EM (2013) Statins and cognitive function: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med159, 688-697
Power MC, Weuve J, Sharrett AR, Blacker D, Gottesman RF. Statins, cognition, and dementia—systematic review and methodological commentary Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Apr; 11(4): 220–229. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.35
Wong WB, Lin VW, Boudreau D, Devine EB (2013) Statins in the prevention of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies and an assessment of confounding. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 22, 345-358
Van Dam F, Van Gool WA (2009) Hyperhomocysteinemiaand Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review.Arch Geron-tol Geriatr48, 425-430
Chapter 5. Increase the ability of your mind to interact with people and ideas
Increase intellectual activity
Global Council on Brain Health (2017). “Engage Your Brain: GCBH Recommendations on Cognitively Stimulating Activities.” Available at: www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00001.001
Edwards JD, Xu H, Clark D, Guey LT, Ross LA, et al. Speed of processing training results in lower risk of dementia. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017 Nov; 3(4): 603–611 Nov 7. doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.09.002
Jenna Najar, Svante Östling, Pia Gudmundsson, Valter Sundh, Lena Johansson, Silke Kern, Xinxin Guo, Tore Hällström, Ingmar Skoog. Cognitive and physical activity and dementia A 44-year longitudinal population study of women Neurology March 19, 2019; 92 (12) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007021
Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, Tan MS, Tan L, Li JQ, Zhao QF, YuJT (2016) Education and risk of dementia: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol 53,113-3123
Get even more active and involved to avoid isolation and depression
Global Council on Brain Health. The Brain and Social Connectedness: GCBH Recommendations on Social Engagement and Brain Health 2017. Available at www.GlobalCouncilOnBrainHealth.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26419/pia.00015.001
da Silva J1, Gonçalves-Pereira M, Xavier M, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;202(3):177-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931.
Cherbuin N, Kim S, Anstey KJ (2015) Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open5, e008853.
Diniz BS, Butters MA, Albert SM, Dew MA, Reynolds CF, 3rd (2013) Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. Br J Psy-chiatry202, 329-335
Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Oude Voshaar RC, Zuidema SU,van den Heuvel ER, Stolk RP, Smidt N (2015) Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev 22, 39-57.
Penninkilampi R, Casey A-N, Singh MF, Brodaty H. The Association between Social Engagement, Loneliness, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 10.3233/JAD-180439, (1-15), (2018).
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review, PLOS Medicine. July 27, 2010 http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB. Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015; 10: 227-237 https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3024&context=facpub
Cadar D. et al (2018) Individual and Area-Based Socioeconomic Factors
Associated with Dementia Incidence in England: Evidence From a 12-Year Follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.JAMA Psychiatry 75;723-732
Sommerlad et al (2019) Association of social contact with dementia and cognition: 28-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study.PLOS Medicine August 2, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002862
Check you hearing and vision
Dawes P, Wolski L, Himmelsbach I, Regan J, Leroi I. Interventions for hearing and vision impairment to improve outcomes for people with dementia: a scoping review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019 Feb;31(2):203-221. doi: 10.1017/S1041610218000728. Epub 2018 Sep 24.
Heine C, Browning C. Dual Sensory Loss in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. The Gerontologist, Volume 55, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 913–928, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv074
Ford AH, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L, Almeida OP (2018) Hearing loss and the risk of dementia in later life. Maturitas112, 1-11
Zheng, D., et al. Longitudinal Associations Between Visual Impairment and Cognitive Functioning: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study, JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018 Sep 1;136(9):989-995. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493
Stephanie P. Chen, Jay Bhattacharya, Suzann Pershing. Association of Vision Loss with Cognition in Older Adults. JAMA Ophthalmology, 2017; DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838
Chapter 6 The Future of Brainability
